DDIT3 and cancer: Our study showed that M4N induced stress (oxidative and ATF4/DDIT3/CHAC1-related) by modulating various metabolic activities (mitochondrial electron transport system blockage along with cataplerosis and modulations of amino acid and lipid metabolism) in cancer cells, and also reduced cellular defense mechanisms (depletion of anti-oxidants and autophagy suppression) in cancers (Fig 10).