We and others previously demonstrated that loss of SPDEF expression induces morphologic changes, increased migration and invasiveness, and triggers a transcriptional program of genes involved in TGFβ signaling, migration, invasion, adhesion, and epithelial dedifferentiation, establishing SPDEF as a critical regulator of key aspects linked to metastasis in prostate, breast and colon cancer [5, 13-16, 35]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to malignant colon neoplasm.