HLA-C and neoplasm: Further investigations uncovered two major underlying mechanisms that disarm anti-tumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment; 1) the accumulation in tumors of immunomodulatory cells, including M2-like macrophages (MΦs), immature dendritic cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), diminishes T cell anti-tumor immune responses through cell-cell contact and cytokine milieu [1, 2]; 2) expression of PD-1 receptor ligands (PD-L1/PD-L2) and reduced expression of tumor antigens and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in cancer cells [1].