The assessment of key modulators, based on IPA Upstream Regulator Analysis, has highlighted two of the mentioned proinflammatory factors, PTGS2/COX-2 (z-score = 2.322 and overlap p value = 6.41E − 09) and TREM1 (z-score = 2.685 and overlap p value = 8.11E − 08), as upstream regulators when comparing all breast cancer samples with healthy donors (Table 3). Here, PTGS2 is linked to breast carcinoma.