CD4 and tuberculosis: Renal TB in the form of microabscesses in this patient population arises as a result of haematogenous dissemination and is a common autopsy finding in patients who have died from disseminated HIV-associated TB (50–69%).24–27 In patients with advanced HIV-infection (typically CD4 cell counts of <100 cells/mm3) a strong association between MTB bacteraemia and urine LAM-positivity has been observed, with 70–90% of bacteraemic patients also having detectable LAM-antigenuria.28–31 Renal TB readily provides a mechanism for this association.