However, we consider this explanation unlikely, as (i) DDSS rats did not show any signs of increased stress in their baseline performance, e.g., their RTs were not significantly different from those of control rats47, 48; and (ii) their amygdala BDNF levels were similar to those in control rats, suggesting that the developmental manipulation did not consolidate as a ‘fear memory'49 or resulted in a long-term ‘anxiety trait'22. This evidence concerns the gene BDNF and Anxiety.