A single intravitreal injection of a vector expressing insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) into diabetic rat retina after 2 months of diabetes restores normal insulin signal transduction via regulation of the insulin receptor/TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) pathway and leads to the reduction of proapoptotic markers or increases of antiapoptotic markers and the restoration of retinal function [63]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.