EDN1 and Hyperglycemia: Additionally, hyperglycemia-induced activation of nuclear factor-κ (NF-κ) B increases the levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule- (VCAM-) 1, intercellular adhesion molecule- (ICAM-) 1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α [11, 17].