VCAM1 and rectal cancer: The increased levels of VCAM-1 in the peripheral blood have also been demonstrated in progression of many forms of cancer: non-small-cell lung cancer [50], breast cancer [17, 51], rectal cancer [52], gastric cancer [53, 54], colorectal cancer [55–59], prostate cancer [60], bladder cancer [61], urological malignancies [62], head and neck cancer [63], pancreatic cancer [64], and ovarian cancer [65].