However, VCAM-1 expression has been found to be overexpressed in primary tumours of many human cancers: ovarian cancer [77], pancreatic cancer [78], gastric cancer [54], oral squamous cell carcinoma [79], and clear cell renal carcinoma as well as papillary renal cell carcinoma [80] as compared to the corresponding noncancerous tissues. This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and cancer.