ACKR3 and central nervous system cancer: In fact, CXCL12 can activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, IP3, and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via CXCR4 [112, 120, 121] and PLC/MAPK pathway via CXCR7, increasing cell survival in gliomas [122].