Most cancer cells upregulate CCR9 to mediate metastasis, and some cancers secrete CCL25 in a paracrine fashion; these cells include pancreatic cancer PSCs and PANC-1 cells, which then induce metastasis by binding the secreted CCL25 to CCR9 receptors in the nearby tissues [28]. Here, CCL25 is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.