Pretreatment with bayberry fruit extracts (0·5 μmol/l cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) for 12 h) up-regulated pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 gene expression, which is associated with increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-II gene transcript and insulin, in rat insulinoma cell line INS-1β-cells(97). Here, INS is linked to pancreatic insulinoma.