Clinically, it is well established that weight loss and physical activity can reduce insulin levels by 10–30%, and that lowering of insulin by 25% may be associated with a 5% absolute improvement in breast cancer mortality.105 Although this is not generalizable to other cancer patients, especially those at risk for malnourishment, IF and STS could be considered as therapeutic options in such cases; recommendations for their implementation are given by Simone et al.106 or Klement and Champ.72 This evidence concerns the gene INS and breast cancer.