INS and breast cancer: Human tumors stimulated by insulin in vitro include breast cancer,46, 47 colon cancer,48 various leukemia cells lines49, 50, 51 or melanomas.52 In addition, most cancer cells are extremely vulnerable to glucose withdrawal,53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 a feature they owe to metabolic reprogramming, leading to constitutively active proliferation pathways and ‘glucose addiction'.