GCG and cardiovascular disorder: In addition to their glucose-lowering action, DPP-4 inhibitors have been demonstrated to play a protective role in cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension [44], abdominal aortic aneurysm [45], cardiomyopathy [46], atherosclerosis [47], and peripheral vascular disease [48], via both GLP-1-dependent and GLP-1-independent pathways due to their diverse, widely distributed, and pleiotropic actions [49].