Three days post infection, sham + IAV + vehicle mice had increased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines (CCL-2, CXCL-2, CXCL-10), cytokines (GM-CSF, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and proteases (MMP-12) compared to sham + diluent + vehicle mice. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.