PKM and breast cancer: In RCC and breast cancer samples, strong correlations had been found among PKM2 overexpression, S202/203 phosphorylation, mTOR activation and autophagy inhibition (Fig. 7), consistent with that PKM2 overexpression and mTOR activation are both exist in RCC and breast cancers5, 64, 65 and support that PKM2 activates mTOR signaling in vivo.