Alterations in the cTfh compartment have been found in several ab-mediated autoimmune diseases, like SLE and RA, in which the expansion of cTfh cells (defined as CD4+CXCR5+PD-1+ICOS+ T cells) could be linked to disease activity [17, 18]. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.