TSC1 and neoplasm: Abnormal mTORC1 signaling activation is frequently observed in variety of tumors due to gain-of-function oncogene mutations (e.g., PI3K, AKT, and Ras), and/or tumor suppressor loss-of-function mutations (e.g. PTEN, LKB1, and TSC1/2), which are crucial upstream regulators of mTORC1 [4, 5].