PPARG and diabetes mellitus: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased dramatically worldwide.1 Metformin is recommended as a first-line pharmacologic therapy for T2DM management,2 however, T2DM is a progressive disease that often requires a second-line agent, such as thiazolidinedione (TZD).2 Thiazolidinediones are ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors.3 As PPAR gamma plays essential roles in improving glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, TZDs are referred as “insulin sensitizers.”4,5