IL6 and hemolytic-uremic syndrome: Serum IL-6, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNFR1), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) levels are elevated in HUS encephalopathy compared to HUS alone.31 Proinflammatory cytokines and especially TNF-alpha are known to induce neurodegeneration directly through signaling death pathway of TNF-α/p55 TNF receptor-1 in neurons.32