TSHR and thyroid gland carcinoma: Widespread mutations of G proteins and GPCRs were also found in common cancer cells, such as activating mutations of GNAS (encoding Gαs) in 28% of growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumors and 5% of thyroid adenomas, that of GNAQ or GNA11 (encoding Gαq) in 66% or 6% of melanomas, as well as that of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene in thyroid cancer, just to name a few [9].