Upregulation of the miR-27 family is also observed in the Apicomplexan parasite infection; miR-27a is induced in ECM (El-Assaad et al., 2011) and miR-27b is associated to the TLR4-mediated epithelial anti-microbial defense (Zhou et al., 2012) and apoptosis (Cai et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and parasitic infectious disease.