TNF and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: Wang et al. (2012a) reported that the serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-8, IP-10, and RANTS (but not IL-4) were remarkably higher in HFRS patients, compared with controls, and that the highest concentrations were usually found during the febrile, hypotensive, and oliguric phases, particularly in severe and critical-type HFRS cases.