EPO and anemia (phenotype): Generally, patients with ESRD will develop anaemia mainly due to the inability of the kidneys to secrete enough erythropoietin to stimulate adequate hematopoiesis.8 Apart from erythropoietin deficiency, uremic-induced inhibitors of erythropoiesis, shortened erythrocyte survival, and disordered iron homeostasis all contribute to the development of anaemia.