TLR4 and Hepatic fibrosis: Although, the LPS-TLR4 axis is crucial for hepatic fibrogenesis and liver fibrosis is dramatically attenuated in germ-free mice (Seki et al., 2007), the roles of NOX and ROS have not been extensively studied in the context of regulating LPS-TLR4 mediated inflammatory or fibrogenic responses in HSCs.