Therefore, NOX4 promotes myofibroblasts activation and hepatic fibrosis through at least two distinct mechanisms: (1) directly facilitating TGFβ-induced HSC activation and production of profibrogenic targets, (2) indirectly promoting TGFβ or death ligand-induced hepatocytes apoptosis, which contributes to the production of cytokines, chemokines, and microparticles that leads to HSC activation (Aoyama et al., 2012; Jiang et al., 2012). The gene discussed is NOX4; the disease is Hepatic fibrosis.