TNF and autism: Such inflammatory cytokines include: interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and gamma-interferon (INF-gamma); and with many of these cytokines, the higher their concentrations, the more severe are the symptoms of autism (Ashwood et al., 2011; Michel et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2015).