TNF and Sepsis: Furthermore, it has been described that BID deficiency is associated with lower levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL-2) in a disease model for sepsis (Chung et al., 2010) and with higher levels of IL-1β and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) in experimental inflammatory arthritis (Scatizzi et al., 2007).