PPARA and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: One anti-obesity mechanism reported for lemon is by up-regulation of peroxisomal β-oxidation through the increase mRNA level of acyl-CoA oxidase in the liver and white adipose tissues, which was likely mediated via up-regulation of the mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPARα) (Fukuchi et al., 2008[46]).