MDM2 and cancer: This is also the case for the MDM2 promoter SNPs, SNP309, and SNP285: while the SNP309G allele is associated with an increased cancer risk, predominantly, among individuals of Asian ancestry [33, 34], the SNP285C-allele, which is associated with reduced cancer risk, [15, 28, 36], is absent in Asians and may therefore have a confounding effect on SNP309 risk estimates performed in Caucasian populations [39].