VHL and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: Furthermore, we obtained 5 cancer driver genes in ccRCC, VHL, PBRM1, TCEB1, BAP1 and SETD2, from Sato’s study [12], we found only two mutations, one in the CDS and another in the promoter of PBRM1, suggesting the CDS, promoters and UTR of these cancer-driving genes are mainly protected from mutations in ccRCC.