Complications included retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy (Fig. 4) with clinical outcomes defined according to DCCT criteria [19, 20, 32] as either sustained 3-step progression in retinopathy, sustained ≥3 microaneurysms (retinopathy), albumin excretion rates >40 mg/24 h (nephropathy), or motor nerve abnormalities (neuropathy). Here, ALB is linked to neuropathy.