TGFB1 and atherosclerosis: Members of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family play key roles in many diseases, including CVDs such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and aneurysms (ten Dijke and Arthur, 2007[80]; Pardali et al., 2010[66]; Doetschman et al., 2012[24]).