TNF and Parkinson disease: In addition, increased numbers of monocytes and elevated levels of certain cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, NT-pro-2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′ phosphodiesterase (NT-proCNP), tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), soluble tumour necrosis factor α receptor-1 (TNFR1), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (RANTES) have been reported in PD [190,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201].