Decreased expression of C3AR1, TLR7, and TNFα, and increased expression of C1QTNF7 and IL10RA mRNAs, was observed in the putamen; down-regulation of CSF3R and TLR4, and up-regulation of IL10RA, were seen in the frontal cortex (area 8); and up-regulation of C3AR1, CSF3R, IL10RA, and TGB2 mRNAs was observed in the angular cortex (area 39) in the same series of PD cases. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Parkinson disease.