CXCL1 and bacterial meningitis: For C-X-C chemokines, besides the possible involvement of CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5 in promoting leukocyte transmigration during bacterial meningitis [52, 54], CXCL1 and CXCL2 are known to be rapidly secreted by astrocytes in spinal cord injury, and attenuating these chemokines was associated with reduced neuronal death and improved motor function recovery [55, 56].