Others have shown that infection with Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Lactobacillus acidophilus or Streptococcus agalactiae resulted in up-regulation of viperin expression by macrophages or dendritic cells but the effect on viral replication was not tested and epithelial cells responses were not examined [42–44]. The gene discussed is RSAD2; the disease is infection.