Thus, it is notable that despite this methodological heterogeneity and the inherent limitations of the sample source (PPM-urine contains different cell types, including renal tubular cells, urothelial cells, prostate cells, etc.... and the proportion of prostate tumor cells in each subject is different), we and the vast majority of the groups identify PCA3 as an independent predictor for PCa diagnosis, making it the most reliable individual biomarker to date. Here, PCA3 is linked to prostate neoplasm.