HMGB1 and colonic neoplasm: Furthermore, a HMGB1-dependent TLR-4/MyD88 pathway induces MAPK and Akt signaling chains, which end in inflammatory response and are also part of growth signaling in malignant cells, e.g., the phophatidylinositol 3 (PIP3)/Akt pathway is activated by HMGB1 in colon cancer cells [125,126].