Not only in autoimmune disease but also in acute inflammatory conditions like “Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome” (SIRS), HMGB1 levels are elevated, e.g., in patients after major gastrointestinal surgery of alimentary tract carcinoma, where serum peak levels also correlated with duration of SIRS and pulmonary dysfunction [192]. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and systemic inflammatory response syndrome.