As activating FGFR3 mutations are found in up to 80% of low-grade noninvasive bladder tumours, the combination of CQ with mTOR pathway inhibitors may therefore benefit a substantial population of patients.26 Other transforming RTK mutations may similarly control cholesterol biosynthesis and present opportunities for eliciting synergistic cell death between relevant inhibitors and CQ. This evidence concerns the gene MTOR and urinary bladder neoplasm.