Up-regulation of cytokines that neutrophils produce or response to [18], including IL-17A and IL-23, was negatively correlated with age in NE-NP at the protein or mRNA levels (Fig 1E, IL-23 protein, R = -0.5756, P<0.05; Fig 1F, IL-23p19 transcript, R = -0.3946, P<0.05; Fig 1H, IL-17A transcript, R = -0.4165, P<0.05), whereas there was no correlation in E-NP and UP from controls (data not shown) and CRS subjects (Fig 1 and S2 Fig). The gene discussed is IL23A; the disease is congenital rubella syndrome.