Thus, EBNA-1 is not immunologically ‘silent’ as once thought [12] but is an antigenic target for both CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses [12–14] as well as antibodies [15], in keeping with finely tuned immune surveillance mechanisms that generally maintain persistent but stable cycles of EBV infection involving both epithelial and B-lymphocyte compartments [5]. Here, CD4 is linked to Epstein-Barr virus infection.