BAX and infection: pH1N1 infection could activate both apoptotic pathways with an increased expression of pre-apoptotic proteins (such as Fas, DISC formation, FADD, and Bax) and a decreased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins (such as FLIP and Bcl-2) (Figure 6), suggesting that apoptotic pathways may be also involved in pH1N1-induced reactivation of HIV-1 replication.