In a second step, the most promising fucoidans should be tested in relevant in vitro systems, and, finally, these fucoidans should be tested in the appropriate animal models, such as streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mouse for diabetic retinopathy and Nrf2 knock-out mice in age-related macular degeneration. This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and age-related macular degeneration.