AOC3 and atherosclerosis: Along with aldehyde, hydrogen peroxide can cross-link proteins and form advanced glycation end-products (AGEs).[14] These toxic end-products of SSAO may lead to the development of diabetes and diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and atherosclerosis.[15] In animals, VAP-1 overexpression results in glomerulosclerosis, whereas SSAO inhibition reduces the severity of diabetic nephropathy.[15, 16]