As shown in model 1 and 2 in Table 3, higher serum VAP-1 levels were associated with increased risk of ESRD (HR of every 1 SD increase in serum VAP-1 = 1.55, 95% CI 1.12–2.14, p < 0.05), after adjusting for smoking, history of cardiovascular disease, BMI, hypertension, HbA1c, duration of DM, total cholesterol levels, use of statins, abnormal ABI, estimated GFR, and proteinuria. The gene discussed is AOC3; the disease is diabetes mellitus.