AOC3 and proliferative diabetic retinopathy: VAP-1 expression is increased in the vitreous fluid in patients with proliferative diabetes retinopathy.[32] Serum VAP-1 is also associated with carotid intima-medial thickness in diabetic macrovascular complications as previously reported by our group[24] and confirmed in another report.[33] We have also demonstrated that serum VAP-1 can predict CV mortality and all-cause mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes.[18]