AOC3 and Hypertension: As shown in model 1 and 2 in Table 3, higher serum VAP-1 levels were associated with increased risk of ESRD (HR of every 1 SD increase in serum VAP-1 = 1.55, 95% CI 1.12–2.14, p < 0.05), after adjusting for smoking, history of cardiovascular disease, BMI, hypertension, HbA1c, duration of DM, total cholesterol levels, use of statins, abnormal ABI, estimated GFR, and proteinuria.