For the study, 4 groups were individualized post hoc: pregnant women with BV but without APO (BV-APO−; n = 23), pregnant women with BV and developing APO (BV-APO+; n = 5), pregnant women with IF (n = 21), and random samples from pregnant women with normal Nugent screening (controls; n = 28). This evidence concerns the gene AOPEP and bacterial vaginosis.