TGFB1 and atherosclerosis: As chronic activation of TGF-β–BMP signal transmission causes detrimental cellular processes including fibrosis, atherosclerosis, tumorigenesis, cancer metastasis, and autoimmune disorders (Akhurst and Hata, 2012), enhancement of the TGF-β–BMP signaling by lansoprazole may partly account for some of these adverse effects.