Recently, Nikoopour et al. demonstrated in an adoptive model that CD4+ T cells from CFA-immunized NOD mice which are stimulated with anti-CD3 in the presence of TGF-β plus IL-6 or IL-23 can delay diabetes development in recipient mice, suggesting that CFA induces a regulatory Th17 subset [68]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and diabetes mellitus.