All lipid abnormalities observed in chronic kidney disease including also diminished serum apoA-1 and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations, defective HDL maturation and its impaired antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and reverse cholesterol transport properties as well as compromised clearance of very low-density lipoprotein and chylomicrons in addition to oxidative stress are associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis in this group of patients [92]. This evidence concerns the gene APOA1 and atherosclerosis.