Cancer-related KEGG pathways were defined as pathways related to specific cancer types, e.g. ‘Melanoma’ or ‘Small cell lung cancer,’ as well as pathways known to be involved in the development or maintenance of cancer, e.g. ‘VEGF signaling pathway’ or ‘Apoptosis.’ A full list of KEGG enriched pathways defined as cancer-related can be found in the Supplemental Methods. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is small cell lung carcinoma.