TNF and chronic kidney disease: Experimental as well as epidemiological studies suggest that inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of AF.[11] Inflammatory biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α are associated with the presence, persistence and outcome of AF in the general population.[12–14] CKD is a well-recognized pro-inflammatory state with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and positive acute phase proteins.[15] However, no large scale studies have examined the association between AF and biomarkers of inflammation in CKD patients.