Moreover, black raspberries induced anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing tissue levels of COX-2 as well as proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and IL-1β in DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in male C57BL/6J mice [139]. Here, TNF is linked to ulcerative colitis.